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epitope mapping
Epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding sites, or ‘epitopes’, of antibodies on their target antigens. Identification and characterization of the binding sites of antibodies can aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics. Characterization of epitopes can also help elucidate the mechanism of binding for an antibody and facilitate the prediction of B cell epitopes using robust algorithms. Epitopes can be generally divided into 2 main classes-linear and conformational. ''Linear epitopes'' are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein, while ''conformational epitopes'' are composed of amino acids that are discontinuous in the protein sequence but are brought together upon three-dimensional protein folding. The vast majority of antigen-antibody interactions have conformational epitopes.
==The importance of epitope mapping==
Many therapeutically important mAbs target conformational epitopes formed only in the native structure of a protein, emphasizing the importance for epitope mapping of this type of epitope. Technological advances including B cell cloning, deep sequencing of human genomes and the widespread use of phage display have greatly increased the ability to obtain large numbers of mAbs. In contrast to the large increase in mAbs being isolated, high-throughput mAb characterization techniques have not kept pace.
Epitope mapping of complex target antigens, such as integral membrane proteins or multi-subunit proteins, is often challenging because of the difficulty in expressing and purifying these types of antigens. Human membrane proteins and receptors, key targets for therapeutic antibodies, often have short antigenic regions that fold correctly only in the context of a lipid bilayer. Furthermore, membrane proteins contain complex disulfide bonding patterns and post translational modifications (glycosylation), many of which cannot be fully recapitulated in bacterial and yeast expression systems.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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